GNU Parted (简体中文)
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GNU Parted 是创建和处理分区表的工具，GParted 是图形前端.
Contents
1 Installation
2 使用
Parted has two modes: command line and interactive. Parted should always be started with:
# parted device
where device is the hard disk device to edit (for example /dev/sda). If you omit the device argument, parted will attempt to guess which device you want.
2.1 Command line mode
In command line mode, this is followed by one or more commands. For example:
# parted /dev/sda mklabel gpt mkpart P1 ext3 1MiB 8MiB
2.2 Interactive mode
Interactive mode simplifies the partitioning process and reduces unnecessary repetition by automatically applying all partitioning commands to the specified device.
In order to start operating on a device, execute:
# parted /dev/sdx
You will notice that the command-line prompt changes from a hash (#) to (parted): this also means that the new prompt is not a command to be manually entered when running the commands in the examples.
To see a list of the available commands, enter:
(parted) help
When finished, or if wishing to implement a partition table or scheme for another device, exit from parted with:
(parted) quit
After exiting, the command-line prompt will change back to #.
If you do not give a parameter to a command, Parted will prompt you for it. For example:
(parted) mklabel New disk label type? gpt
3 Rounding
Since many partitioning systems have complicated constraints, Parted will usually do something slightly different to what you asked. (For example, create a partition starting at 10.352Mb, not 10.4Mb) If the calculated values differ too much, Parted will ask you for confirmation. If you know exactly what you want, or to see exactly what Parted is doing, it helps to specify partition endpoints in sectors (with the "s" suffix) and give the "unit s" command so that the partition endpoints are displayed in sectors.
As of parted-2.4, when you specify start and/or end values using IEC binary units like “MiB”, “GiB”, “TiB”, etc., parted treats those values as exact, and equivalent to the same number specified in bytes (i.e., with the “B” suffix), in that it provides no “helpful” range of sloppiness. Contrast that with a partition start request of “4GB”, which may actually resolve to some sector up to 500MB before or after that point. Thus, when creating a partition, you should prefer to specify units of bytes (“B”), sectors (“s”), or IEC binary units like “MiB”, but not “MB”, “GB”, etc.
4 Partitioning
4.1 创建新分区表
如果设备没有分区，或者要改变分区表类型，重建分区结构，需要新建分区表。
打开需要新建分区表的设备：
# parted /dev/sdx
为 BIOS 系统创建 MBR/msdos 分区表：
(parted) mklabel msdos
为 UEFI 系统创建 GPT 分区表：
(parted) mklabel gpt
4.2 分区方案
您可以决定磁盘应该分为多少个区，每个分区又挂载在系统的哪个目录。将分区如何映射至目录（一般称此为挂载点），取决于您的分区方案。需要满足：
- 至少需要创建一个 / (root) 目录，有些分区类型和 启动加载器组合有额外的分区要求：
- BIOS/GPT + GRUB: 需要按照 BIOS 启动分区设置 的方式创建一个 1M 或 2M 的 EF02 类型分区.
- UEFI 的主板，需要一个 EFI 系统分区.
- 如果您需要加密磁盘，则必须加以调整分区方案。系统安装后，也可以再配置加密文件夹，容器或 home 目录。
系统需要需要 /boot、/home 等目录， Arch 文件系统架构 有各目录的详细介绍。如果没有创建单独的/boot 或 /home 分区，这些目录直接放到了根分区下面。后面会介绍如何创建 交换分区。
In the examples below it is assumed that a new and contiguous partitioning scheme is applied to a single device. Some optional partitions will also be created for the /boot and /home directories: see also Arch filesystem hierarchy for an explanation of the purpose of the various directories; if separate partitions for directories like /boot or /home are not created, these will simply be contained in the / partition. Also the creation of an optional partiton for swap space will be illustrated.
用下面命令打开 parted 交互模式：
# parted /dev/sdx
用下面命令创建分区：
(parted) mkpart part-type fs-type start end
- part-type 是分区类型，可以选择 primary, extended 或 logical，仅用于 MBR 分区表.
- fs-type 是文件系统类型，支持的类型列表可以通过 help mkpart 查看。 mkpart 并不会实际创建文件系统， fs-type 参数仅是让 parted 设置一个 1-byte 编码，让启动管理器可以提前知道分区中有什么格式的数据。参阅 Wikipedia:Disk partitioning#PC partition types.
- Tip: Most Linux native file systems map to the same partition code (0x83), so it is perfectly safe to e.g. use ext2 for an ext4-formatted partition.
- start 是分区的起始位置，可以带单位, 例如 1M 指 1MiB.
- end 是设备的结束位置(不是 与 start 值的差)，同样可以带单位，也可以用百分比，例如 100% 表示到设备的末尾。
- 为了不留空隙，分区的开始和结束应该首尾相连。
如果看到下面警告：
Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance. Ignore/Cancel?
下面命令设置 /boot 为启动目录：
(parted) set partition boot on
- partition 是分区的编号，从 print 命令获取。
4.2.1 UEFI/GPT 示例
首先需要一个 EFI 系统分区.如果是和 Windows 双系统启动，此分区已经存在，不要重新创建。
用下面命令创建分区 (建议大小是 512MiB)。
(parted) mkpart ESP fat32 1M 513M (parted) set 1 boot on
剩下的空间可以按需要创建，root 占用全部 100% 剩余空间：
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 513M 100%
/ (20GiB)，剩下的给 /home：
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 513M 20.5G (parted) mkpart primary ext4 20.5G 100%
创建 / (20GiB), swap (4Gib), 剩下给 /home：
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 513M 20.5G (parted) mkpart primary linux-swap 20.5G 24.5G (parted) mkpart primary ext4 24.5G 100%
4.2.2 BIOS/MBR 示例
单根目录分区：
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 1M 100% (parted) set 1 boot on
20Gib / 分区，剩下的给 /home：
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 1M 20G (parted) set 1 boot on (parted) mkpart primary ext4 20G 100%
/boot (100MiB), / (20Gib), swap (4GiB) 剩下的给 /home:
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 1M 100M (parted) set 1 boot on (parted) mkpart primary ext4 100M 20G (parted) mkpart primary linux-swap 20G 24G (parted) mkpart primary ext4 24G 100%
4.3 Resizing Partitions
- You can only move the end of the partition with parted.
- As of parted v4.2 resizepart may need the use of #Interactive mode.[1]
- These instructions apply to partitions that have ext2, ext3 or ext4 filesystems.
If you are growing a partition, you have to first resize the partition and then resize the filesystem on it, while for shrinking the filesystem must be resized before the partition to avoid data loss.
4.3.1 Growing partitions
To grow a partition (in parted interactive mode):
(parted) resizepart number end
Where number is the number of the partition you are growing, and end is the new end of the partition (which needs to be larger than the old end).
Then, to grow the filesystem on the partition:
# resize2fs /dev/sdaX size
Where sdaX stands for the partition you are growing, and size is the new size of the partition.
4.3.2 Shrinking partitions
To shrink the filesystem on the partition:
# resize2fs /dev/sdaX size
Where sdaX stands for the partition you are growing, and size is the new size of the partition.
Then shrink the partition (in parted interactive mode):
(parted) resizepart number end
Where number is the number of the partition you are shrinking, and end is the new end of the partition (which needs to be smaller than the old end).
When done, use the resizepart command from util-linux to tell the kernel about the new size:
# resizepart device number size
Where device is the device that holds the partition, number is the number of the partition and size is the new size of the partition.
5 警告
Parted will always warn you before doing something that is potentially dangerous, unless the command is one of those that is inherently dangerous (viz., rm, mklabel and mkpart).
5.1 分区对齐
When creating a partition, parted might warn about improper partition alignment but does not hint about proper alignment. For example:
(parted) mkpart primary fat16 0 32M Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance. Ignore/Cancel?
The warning means the partition start is not aligned. Enter "Ignore" to go ahead anyway, print the partition table in sectors to see where it starts, and remove/recreate the partition with the start sector rounded up to increasing powers of 2 until the warning stops. As one example, on a flash drive with 512B sectors, Parted wanted partitions to start on sectors that were a multiple of 2048, which is 1 MiB alignment.
If you want parted to attempt to calculate the correct alignment for you, specify the start position as 0% instead of some concrete value. To make one large ext4 partition, your command would look like this:
(parted) mkpart primary ext4 0% 100%
6 See also
- GNU parted - Parted User's Manual
- How to align partitions for best performance using parted
- Resize an ext3/ext4 partition
